Prominence of CYP1A1 as a molecular landmark in cancer

Abstract

The cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) gene is a critical member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, encoding an enzyme involved in the metabolism of numerous endogenous compounds and environmental carcinogens. Increasing evidence highlights the significant role of CYP1A1 in cancer initiation, progression, and therapeutic response. CYP1A1 participates in the bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, and other xenobiotics into reactive intermediates capable of inducing DNA damage, mutagenesis, and genomic instability. Genetic polymorphisms within the CYP1A1 gene have been extensively associated with altered enzyme activity and susceptibility to various malignancies, including lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and head and neck cancers. Furthermore, aberrant expression of CYP1A1 has been observed in tumor tissues, suggesting its involvement in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis regulation, angiogenesis, and metastatic potential. Environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, industrial pollutants, dietary components, and occupational exposures can modulate CYP1A1 expression through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway, thereby influencing cancer risk. Recent studies have also explored the prognostic and predictive value of CYP1A1 expression patterns and genetic variants in determining treatment outcomes and drug metabolism. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing CYP1A1 function provides valuable insights into gene–environment interactions and cancer pathogenesis. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the biological functions, genetic variations, regulatory mechanisms, and clinical significance of CYP1A1 in cancer. It further discusses emerging opportunities for utilizing CYP1A1 as a biomarker for cancer risk assessment, prognosis, and personalized therapeutic strategies, emphasizing its potential role in precision oncology and cancer prevention.

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