Online Radicalisation Pathways from Grooming to Violence

Abstract

Online radicalisation represents one of the most pressing security and psychological challenges of the digital era. This manuscript examines the multistage pathways through which individuals are groomed and subsequently drawn toward violent extremism via online platforms. Drawing on empirical research from behavioural sciences, terrorism studies, and clinical psychology, the paper analyzes key theoretical frameworks—including the Pyramid Model of Radicalisation, the Three-N Model, and the Significance Quest Theory—to illuminate how digital environments accelerate cognitive, emotional, and social transformation in vulnerable individuals. Specific attention is given to grooming mechanisms such as identity exploitation, incremental commitment escalation, in-group/out-group polarisation, and algorithmic amplification. The manuscript also examines individual-level vulnerability factors (e.g., trauma history, identity uncertainty, social isolation) and structural enablers (e.g., echo chambers, encrypted messaging, gamification of ideology) that facilitate the transition from passive radicalization to active violence. Implications for early intervention, counter-narrative strategies, and platform regulation are discussed. This review underscores the urgent need for transdisciplinary collaboration between psychologists, policymakers, and technology companies to disrupt radicalization pipelines before violent outcomes occur.

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