Physical development and personal and social expectations among adolescents (14–18 years): a review with reference to Madhyasth Darshan

Abstract

Adolescence is not simply a period of physical change; it is a stage in which young people begin to negotiate who they are, what they value, how they relate to others, and what they expect from family and society. The 14–18-year period is particularly significant because increasing autonomy develops alongside continuing dependence on parents, teachers and other social institutions. This narrative and thematic review brings together literature on adolescent development, parenting styles, parental expectations, aspirations, stress, adjustment, Indian sociocultural influences and educational practice. Across the reviewed studies, supportive and appropriately balanced parenting is generally associated with more favourable adjustment and well-being, while unrealistic or excessive expectations are associated with stress and maladjustment [1]–[6]. At the same time, the literature is fragmented. Parenting, expectations, stress, adjustment and academic outcomes are often examined separately, while adolescents’ own interpretations of these expectations receive less attention [7]–[10]. The review therefore identifies five related gaps: integration of major variables, representation of adolescent perspectives, cultural specificity, methodology, and explanation of the mechanisms linking expectations with adjustment. The research proposal further considers Madhyasth Darshan (Coexistence Philosophy) as a conceptual framework for examining relationships through self-understanding, justice, right conduct, responsibility and coexistence. From this perspective, adolescent education can be understood as more than preparation for academic or occupational success. It can also create space for young people, parents and educators to understand one another’s expectations and responsibilities. The review concludes by outlining a direction for empirical research on age-wise development, mutual expectations and educational content informed by Madhyasth Darshan.

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